Energy shortages, pollution, global warming, and the impacts of urban heat islands are among the pressing issues in this century all over the world. Historically, local architecture was based on people’s experience and knowledge. It was sympathetic to the climate and environment. After a period of building design that ignored the local climate, more passive buildings, low energy buildings, and zero buildings have come into focus because of the environmental pollution caused by an excessive use of fossil fuels. The historic architectural style in Dezful includes underground shelters, 5–12 m deep, to improve the indoor climate conditions in this hot and semi humid city. This type of underground shelter, known as a Shavadoon, is regarded as one of the passive energy strategies to seek temperature comfort using the earth annual temperature stability and natural ventilation. The present study was conducted in a house owned by Mohammad Reza Ghamsari. The house was used to test the accuracy of numerical simulation of the temperature and air flow within the Shavadoon spaces. Temperature contours, streamlines, and other related findings are reported. The results show that space conditioning costs could be cut and adequate comfort could be derived using such passive heating and cooling systems.

Natural ventilation is one of the most effective factors in thermal comfort. According to the importance of nonrenewable energies such as fossil fuels and the increase in recent environmental pollution, ventilation plays an important role in buildings. Using air flow, reducing humidity and increasing surface evaporation, creates comfort condition in hot and humid climates. The city of Dezful, due to its special geographic situation, topographic conditions and the environmental systems, devoted particular climate Conditions to itself; so long-term warming has caused many problems for the citizens. In Dezful- as one of the warm and humid cities- builders have applied conglomeration soil to build a space at the depth of 5 to 12 meters underground to moderate and adapt the house climatic conditions. This underground space is called Shavadoon which is one of the suitable approaches to create thermal comfort by using earth annual temperature stability and natural ventilation. Earth temperature is less than outside temperature in the summer and higher in the winter. Expect the Caspian, Persian and Oman coasts, Iran old houses have basement often, and especially in the summer, dwellers went into the basement for thermal comfort. To recognize and analyze the natural ventilation condition and main effective criteria, twelve houses which have Shavadoon have been studied first; Based on this study the depth and area of Shavadoon, Darizeh -Darizeh is a pit 1 meter in diameter in order to supply light & vertical ventilation in shavadoons. Shavadoons reach the yard by darizeh - cross section area and geometric shape of plan are the most effective parameters on natural ventilation in shavadoons, changing the parameters result in significant changes in the air flow. On average by increasing house area, shavadoon area has been increased, the proportion between depth of shavadoon and yard area is also significant. So with more yard area the depth of shavadoon has been increased directly. Four separate phases have been taken to consider the parameters which will be analyzed separately. The results are presented in comparison. There are different ways to study natural ventilation in internal spaces, such as real-scale testing, wind tunnel and modeling approaches. In this study, CFD modeling is used by Design Builder software. The research method of this study is descriptive research and the method of gathering data is based on library and field studies and the analysis method is causal and based on modeling results. The history of this study goes back to the 1930s and early 1940 s when there were plentiful interests in air conditioning engineering, caused numerous published books and articles. The air flow Knowledge inside the indoors is notable for three reasons: thermal comfort, indoor air quality and the decrease in building energy consuming. Studies show that in the last two decades attentions to the “air flow” in terms of modern science have been significantly increased. There is another article (in 2008) which defined and analyzed Dezful’s shavadoons, while a comprehensive investigation about air natural flow and the operation of natural ventilation in this place is not available. The final results show that, in the classification of the considered shavadoons which were selected to be analyzed, the maximum depth is 11.8 m and minimum depth is 4.7m. The desired result has been concluded from the one with the minimum depth. Darizeh cross section is another effective parameter. The calculated velocity in darizehs which have different cross section along them is better than the ones which have the same cross section. Then, the location of Darizeh was analyzed. The best natural ventilation will take place when the darizeh is placed in sahn- shavadoon center-which makes balanced ventilation along the shavadoon. Next condition takes place when darizeh is in terminal cat- shavadoons have some small rooms which are called cats- which the air flow is desirable along Shavadoon but the amount of air flow decreases in adjacent cats. Finally Shavadoons, based on their appearance, are classified in to two types, pure space (without Cat) and Chalipa space. The results of analysis showed air flow and air circulation was better in pure space, however Chalipa form is better in structure and architecture.

The efficiency of air curtain in reducing infiltration and associated energy usage is currently evaluated statically by using an efficiency factor, $η$ air, based on single steady/static condition, which is often not the case for actual buildings under variable weather conditions and door usages. Based on a new method to consider these dynamic effects on air curtains, this study uses a dynamic efficiency factor $η$ B in terms of whole building site end-use energy to assess the efficiency of air curtains when compared to single doors (i.e. without air curtains) and vestibule doors. Annual energy simulations were conducted for two reference building models considering their specific door usage schedules in 16 climate zone locations in the North America. The variations of the proposed efficiency factor for different climate zones illustrated the dynamic impacts of weather, building, unit fan energy and door usage frequency on air curtain efficiency. A sensitivity study was also conducted for the operation temperature conditions of air curtain and showed that $η$ B also considers these operational conditions. It was thus concluded that using whole building site end-use energy to calculate the efficiency factor, $η$B, can provide more realistic estimates of the performance of air curtains operations in buildings than the existing static efficiency factor.

Building entrance doors are a major source of air infiltration and energy loss in commercial buildings. Previous studies have calculated entrance doors air infiltration and energy saving potential of vestibules with the simplified method which is based on pressure factors. However, challenges are still faced in estimating the pressure difference and the resultant infiltration rates across doors as well as validating the used airflow coefficients under different flow conditions. In this paper, an experimental study is used to validate the airflow coefficient for a fully open single door under both infiltration and exfiltration conditions. The study presents four methods for modeling air infiltration across automatic single and vestibule doors for two reference building models: two methods use the pressure factors and the two others are based on airflow simulations. Energy simulations are then conducted using the air infiltration rates obtained from each method. The results revealed that the design methods overestimate the pressure difference across doors, the air infiltration rates as well as the vestibule savings potentials in comparison to the simulation methods. In conclusion, airflow simulations were found to provide more realistic estimates of pressure differences and infiltration rates across entrance doors when compared to the widely-used design methods.

ANSI/ASHRAE/IESStandard90.1 requires vestibules to be installed in buildings in climate zones 3 through 8 based on building energy simulations with a series ofassumptions which can be avoided using a new method of airflow and energy simulations. Instead ofvestibules, it is believed that air curtains can also reduce infiltration and the associated energy loss through building entrances. Therefore, this study proposes a method to estimate energy savings from vestibule and air-curtain doors for two U.S. Department of Energy reference buildings in 16U.S. climate zone locations in terms ofnationalweightedaverage energy savings anda sensitivity study ofdifferent contributing parameters.

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd Air curtains have been widely used to reduce infiltration through door openings and save heating/cooling energy in different types of buildings. Previous studies have found that there exist three aerodynamics conditions: optimum condition (OC), inflow break-through (IB), and outflow break-through (OB) conditions, which are important for categorizing air curtain performance subject to such key parameters including supply speed and angle, and presence of a person during an actual operation. However, few studies have focused on the effects of these parameters on air curtain performance in terms of resisting infiltration and reducing exfiltration. This research presents a parametric study of air curtain performance based on reduced-scale experiments and full-scale numerical simulations. It was found that increasing air curtain supply angle improves air curtain performance when it is operated under the OC and IB conditions but creates excessive exfiltration under the OB condition. Increasing supply speed of air curtain generally improves the air curtain performance whereas this improvement deteriorates with the increase of supply angle under the OB condition. The presence of person, either directly under or below the air curtain, almost has no effect on the infiltration/exfiltration during the OC condition. Moreover, the person in the doorway can block airflow from both directions, contributing to less infiltration under the IB condition and less exfiltration under the OB condition than without the person. This study provides valuable insights into air curtain aerodynamics performance under different operational conditions and key contributing parameters.

Tasarlama sürecinin biçim oluşturma evresinde bir çıkış noktası olarak; tasarlama eylemi ile müzik sanatı arasındaki eşgüdüm bu çalışmada ele alınan konu olmuştur. Müziğin insan üzerindeki etkileri incelenerek ve insan-müzik-mekan ilişkisi göz önünde

Construction and real estate have been central to the debates on sustainable development. However, the dominant definition of sustainability in construction and real estate remain centred on the environmental dimension. The 2030 Agenda and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) offer new opportunities for the building sector to expand its focus. The available literature utilizes the existing green ratings, sustainability assessment tools and standards as the basis for investigating how construction and buildings can contribute to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. However, less focus was placed on exploring the broad intersection between the building sector, on the one hand, and the SDGs and their targets on the other. This paper uses a multistep methodology to analyze the potential role of construction and real estate in the 2030 Agenda. The paper identifies SDG targets that depend (directly or indirectly) on construction and real estate activities, and reveals that 17% of the SDG targets are directly dependent and 27% of the targets are indirectly dependent on these sectors’ activities. The identified targets are analyzed and are found to be related to all 17 goals—with the largest contributions to SDGs 11, 6, and 7. The results of the analysis are mapped and illustrated in order to provide insights to academics, practitioners and governments. This research contributes to the literature on the implementation of the 2030 Agenda. It also exposes the synergistic possibilities, and the partnerships required, to make use of the potential role of construction and real estate in the implementation of the UN Agenda.

Building designers are struggling to deeply integrate the 2030 Agenda and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in projects. The review of the literature revealed that the available research is focused on linking the current practices, including sustainable building practices, with the SDGs. This has, in turn, limited the development of novel approaches as well as new building design methodologies that specifically aim at attaining the agenda’s targets. To help building design teams achieve the meaningful integration of the agenda’s five Ps, this paper proposes two analytical mapping tools which can be used during the integrated design process to track the integration of SDGs in the building projects, and to analyze the building design approaches and visions in reference to the topics of the goals. The research uses a case study for an energy-positive building in Quebec to test the proposed tools. The analysis focuses on the integration of 8 of 17 SDGs, discusses the specific building features which were used to achieve this integration, and analyzes the team’s design visions regarding the goals. The results reveal that in the case studied, the integration of the 8 SDGs moves beyond the current standards by mostly applying design approaches which are future-driven and focused on products and technologies. This research provides important practical tools that can inform building practices in the private and the public sector and contributes to the theory and practice of sustainable building design. It also supports the current effort towards the implementation and localization of the SDGs.

This paper explores infrastructure projects that present a conscious merging between urban transformation, community development, culture, and technology through sustainable design. When urban projects successfully and meaningfully include all these dimensions, we refer to them as “blended infrastructure” projects, since they offer much more than just infrastructure. A literature review pertaining to the rejuvenation and renewal of cities reveals that infrastructure projects have the potential to be at once, smart and ecological as well as cultural and deeply integrated urban interventions. We, therefore, propose that ‘blended infrastructure’ projects are those that profoundly integrate anthropological and technological dimensions. These two poles are the basis of our analysis method. Our methodology, which includes a mapping tool, is used to cartograph a series of design projects. We select two sets of projects for analysis. First, we select “light infrastructure” projects that are not yet built, still in an imaginary phase, which have a common underlying positive intention of bringing sustainability to the city. Second, we select heavier, already built, infrastructure projects, those subjected to real-world constraints, i.e., economic, political, etc. These polarities (light and imagined vs. heavy and realized) will help test the applicability of this mapping approach on different types of infrastructures. By studying projects on either side of a spatial design spectrum, we aim to understand which types of projects have a potential to be “blended infrastructure” projects—and therefore, deeply integrated sustainable urban interventions, as key contributions to the future of our cities.

The art of music has been practiced in specific music buildings since the 19th century. These buildings aimed at the best acoustic experience of music. With its visual contribution, space plays a role in a holistic music experience. Today, the art of

Background and purpose: Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMSDs) annually dismiss numerous afflicted workers to medical centers and also cause inefficiency among the workers. Given that Iran is one of the major saffron producers and exporters, and having many workers involved, the present study was conducted with the aim to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and to analyze the postural conditions of saffron harvesters. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 110 saffron-harvesters were randomly selected. The prevalence of WRMSDs was examined through the Nordic Questionnaire (The data were analyzed using SPSS Software, Version 21), and corrective measurements were determined for these postures through the OWAS postural analysis. Results: The results showed that the most compromised regions of any prevalent disorders were back (38%) and waist (31.6%). In the postural analysis, trunk (80%) and legs (13%) were among the corrective measurements of category II, and arms were at category I. In the analysis of combined postures, it was found that 46% of them were at corrective measurements of category II, and 31% were at category III. Conclusion: Regarding the Nordic Questionnaire’s results and its comparison with the OWAS postural analysis, it was concluded that it was of utmost importance to take corrective measurements to prevent the mentioned damages. Therefore, main ergonomic recommendations and a product-oriented design guideline were advised to correct the postures.

High-rise timber construction has attracted increasing attention among academics and practitioners in recent years. Publications place a heavy emphasis on the ecological and economic benefits of timber construction, but they pay less attention to the applicability of the technique to the local context. This paper proposes ten parameters that are used to develop a diagnostic tool to assess the suitability of a given location for the construction of high-rise timber buildings. The parameters cover economic, social, environmental, technical, and policy issues. Through visual representation of the outputs, the tool can be used to compare the merits of timber construction in different locations. Three locations are used to demonstrate the applicability of the diagnostic tool: the province of British Columbia (Canada), the state of São Paulo (Brazil), and the province of Quebec (Canada). An analysis of these locations reveals the capacity of the tool to identify the barriers, risks, and development opportunities for each location. Integrated design teams, developers, policymakers, and institutions could use this tool when selecting or proposing the structural material for building projects. Future development of the tool should aim to incorporate quantitative measures.

The definition of the industrial city, which emerged with the industrial revolution, caused the urban perception to change and transform as the production units started to move to the city periphery in the 20th century. Population growth, rapid

Quantifying the infiltration rate through building entrance is directly related to evaluation of the energy performance of air curtains. However the effect of people below the air curtains was not considered previously, which may affect the evaluation accuracy of energy performance of air curtains. The objective of this research is to study the effect of people on infiltration rate through air curtains. Building models with and without people below an air curtain were developed and multiple CFD simulations were conducted. The simulation results indicated that for both scenarios with and without people below the air curtain, three flow patterns are observed: the optimum condition, the inflow break-through and the outflow break-through; for the air curtain modelled people standing under the air curtain improves the barrier effect of air curtain, reducing by 13% the infiltration rate compared to the air curtain without people.

The current energy code requires vestibules in climate zones 3 - 8 to reduce energy loss from air infiltration through entrances. Previous research showed that air curtains could be an effec- tive alternative. The infiltration characteristics of air curtains, obtained from computational fluid dynamics, are used to simulate the annual whole building energy consumption of two US DOE commercial prototype-building models in 16 locations. The energy performance of the buildings with air curtain, vestibules and single doors at the entrances are compared. The data confirms that fitting the entrance doors with air curtains can result in energy savings when compared to single doors in climate zones 1-2 and to vestibules in zones 3-8. Air cur- tains decrease or maintain similar energy loads caused by air infiltration through vestibules building entrances, making them a valid alternative for the current code requirements.

Air infiltration through building entrance doors has been the focus of many studies due to the significant effect infiltrated air has on the buildings’ energy performance. Air infiltration models were developed for the double swing single and vestibule doors based on previous studies. It was concluded that vestibules doors are effective in reducing air infiltration. Currently vestibules are required as an energy saving measure for most commercial buildings. Our recent studies were focused on investigating the effectiveness of different entrance doors in reducing air infiltration in buildings. This paper presents the results from a preliminary effort in our recent studies: the experimental validation of the numerical modeling of air infiltration through single doors (double swing) using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A reduced scale experimental chamber was built and the experimental setup was modeled in CFD. The volumetric airflow rates to the chamber were controlled and the resulting pressure differences across the door were measured and compared to the CFD results as well as existing sources in the literature. The experimental, numerical and theoretical results were found to be close and the modeling methods were validated.

Encouraging the use of public transit is key for developing more sustainable and resilient cities. However, transit users have to endure harsh and unpleasant conditions during their long waits for public transit. “More than Waiting for the Bus” is an ideas competition aimed at exploring ways to encourage citizens to use the bus all year long in Montreal and to make waiting for the bus more enjoyable by rethinking the sites surrounding various bus stops. This competition took place within “CoLLaboratoire”, a broader interdisciplinary research project that can lead to scalable environmental solutions. More than 70 teams from about 20 countries participated in this competition. Additionally, the competition sought to constitute a “Best Practice Guide” that will include a synthesis of design principles submitted by each team. This paper aims to present the competition and its outcomes. It is focused on the design principles submitted which can help designers and planners of public transit systems, both locally and globally, to innovatively and practically improve the wait for transit and thus improving the quality of life of city dwellers on a daily basis. The design principles submitted by the competitors are presented, explored and analyzed according to categories, fitness and their frequency of occurrence. Keywords

Tasarlama sürecinin biçim oluşturma evresinde bir çıkış noktası olarak; tasarlama eylemi ile müzik sanatı arasındaki eşgüdüm bu çalışmada ele alınan konu olmuştur. Müziğin insan üzerindeki etkileri incelenerek ve insan-müzik-mekan ilişkisi göz önünde

The art of music has been practiced in specific music buildings since the 19th century. These buildings aimed at the best acoustic experience of music. With its visual contribution, space plays a role in a holistic music experience. Today, the art of

The advent of the computer in architectural design process not only has improved precision and increased speed of architectural drawings, but has also had a substantial effect on the design process. Consequently, it has weakened the role of architects to be merely rule setters who do not depend on their visual knowledge to innovate aesthetically pleasing forms. Therefore, the new generation of architects just define the geometrical rules and mathematical connections between them; then, the computer software generates a complex final version form, which can be edited simply by changing a specific variable. This complexity, which is provided by parametric computerized design, has been mostly applied on exteriors of buildings, so at first glance the building exteriors looks like a pleasing sculpture which catches the eye of the viewer. However, indoor space design, which is one of the most important parts of any architectural project, has received less attention due to the over emphasis on exterior aesthetic requirements. This computerize way of architectural design leads to superficial aesthetics where the indoor space quality is not compatible with the outer building envelope. As case studies, architectural competitions and proposals will be examined due to the lack of precedents in this design area. This paper seeks to highlight the coherency between the indoor quality and exterior façade which is designed through parametric design process. To do this, a set of different views of indoor and outdoor spaces of some parametric buildings will presented to architecture students and they will be asked to match them, which means they are tasked with finding both outdoor and indoor views of each building.

The definition of the industrial city, which emerged with the industrial revolution, caused the urban perception to change and transform as the production units started to move to the city periphery in the 20th century. Population growth, rapid

Tasarım eğitiminde form oluşturma süreci, pek çok farklı alanın esin kaynağı olarak kullanılabildiği bir süreçtir. Bu alanlardan biri olan biyomimikri, doğa ile tasarımı bir araya getirmektedir. Doğadan esinlenilerek tasarlanan çalışmaların

Moving around cities will change in the future as new technologies like self-driving cars gain wider adoption. Science fiction can give us a glimpse into these futures.

An animated documentary on the demolition of a row of historic buildings on Montreal’s St Laurent boulevard – also known as “The Main” – by politicians and building developers, and the resistance put up by the burlesque artists and the local community.

Zahhak, a greedy and intemperate man, ascends to the throne of his country, after following the advice of the evil spirit, Ahriman. After spreading devestation across his kingdom he is halted by the righteous heir to the throne, Fereydun.